Efisiensi Penyisihan Mikroplastik Pada Instalasi Pengolahan Air Minum di Asia: Tinjauan Literatur Sistematik

Herni Nurulaeni; Mochamad Adhiraga Pratama; Sandyanto Adityosulindro

Authors

Herni Nurulaeni Universitas Indonesia Author
Mochamad Adhiraga Pratama Universitas Indonesia Author
Sandyanto Adityosulindro Universitas Indonesia Author

Keywords:

Kontaminan emerging, penyediaan air minum, teknologi pengolahan, efisiensi penyisihan, kualitas air

Abstract

Pencemaran plastik menjadi isu lingkungan yang krusial yang berdampak pada kesehatan manusia dan kualitas lingkungan. Plastik bersifat persisten dapat terdegradasi menjadi mikroplastik dan terakumulasi di perairan. Sungai sebagai sumber utama air baku instalasi pengolahan air minum (IPAM) menjadi jalur masuk mikroplastik ke sistem penyediaan air. Meskipun IPAM dirancang untuk menghasilkan air yang aman bagi masyarakat, teknologi pengolahan yang ada belum sepenuhnya efektif dalam menyisihkan mikroplastik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi dari beberapa hasil penelitian terkait efisiensi penyisihan mikroplastik pada IPAM melalui pendekatan systematic literature review menggunakan metode PRISMA 2020. Artikel dikumpulkan dari database ilmiah dengan rentang tahun 2020–2025 berdasarkan kata kunci terkait mikroplastik pada instalasi pengolahan air minum. Sebanyak 20 artikel terpilih dianalisis lebih lanjut. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi penyisihan mikroplastik di IPAM bervariasi antara 30–99%, dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan metode analisis mikroplastik, kelimpahan dan karakteristik mikroplastik, teknologi pengolahan, serta faktor musim. Bentuk dominan mikroplastik adalah fiber dan fragmen yang umumnya berasal dari aktivitas domestik. IPAM dengan sumber air baku sungai cenderung memiliki kelimpahan mikroplastik lebih tinggi dibandingkan danau atau waduk. Unit filtrasi merupakan proses paling efektif dalam penyisihan mikroplastik, namun teknologi lanjutan seperti membran diperlukan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi, terutama untuk partikel berukuran kecil.

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