Literatur Review: Dinamika Residu Klorin dan Kualitas Mikrobiologi pada Jaringan Distribusi Air Minum di Indonesia

Wildani Saputri Sihombing; Puti Sri  Komala

Authors

Wildani Saputri Sihombing Universitas Andalas Author https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7609-8788
Puti Sri Komala Universitas Andalas Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5048-6518

Keywords:

Residual chlorine, chlorine decay, Escherichia coli, biofilm, water distribution system, Indonesia

Abstract

Pemeliharaan free residual chlorine (FRC) dalam sistem distribusi air minum SPAM sangat penting untuk mengendalikan pertumbuhan kembali mikroorganisme, namun kondisi tropis di Indonesia mempercepat peluruhan klorin dan menurunkan efektivitas disinfeksi. Tinjauan literatur ini menggunakan pendekatan naratif-komparatif untuk menyintesis bukti kuantitatif mengenai dinamika peluruhan klorin dan kualitas mikrobiologis air pada SPAM di Indonesia. Sebanyak 37 studi yang dipublikasikan pada periode 2010 –2026 dipilih dari Google Scholar, Scopus, dan Portal Garuda berdasarkan kriteria inklusi yang telah ditetapkan. Tinjauan ini menunjukkan adanya korelasi negatif yang konsisten antara jarak distribusi dan konsentrasi FRC, sementara suhu tropis (25–30 °C) secara signifikan mempercepat peluruhan klorin. Reaksi dinding (wall decay) pada pipa besi galvanis tua berkontribusi hingga 97,1% terhadap total konsumsi klorin. Ketika konsentrasi FRC menurun di bawah 0,20 mg/L, kadar coliform meningkat secara signifikan. Beberapa studi juga melaporkan potensi keberlangsungan bakteri dalam kondisi Viable but Non-Culturable (VBNC) serta pembentukan produk samping disinfeksi (disinfection by-products/DBPs) yang bersifat karsinogenik, termasuk THMs dan HAAs, akibat overdosis klorin. Tinjauan ini menyimpulkan bahwa pengelolaan disinfeksi yang efektif pada SPAM memerlukan strategi terintegrasi, termasuk booster chlorination, optimasi hidraulik, perbaikan material pipa, dan pemantauan DBPs yang didukung oleh model peluruhan yang telah disesuaikan dengan data kondisi lapangan.

Author Biographies

Wildani Saputri Sihombing, Universitas Andalas

Departemen Teknik Lingkungan, Fakultas Teknik
Puti Sri Komala, Universitas Andalas

Departemen Teknik Lingkungan, Fakultas Teknik

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