The Effect of Additional Composition Substrates on The Rate and Quality of Food Waste Bioconversion by Black Soldier Fly Larvae and Superworm

Mohammad Najmi Rafi Hakim; Mohamad Mirwan

Authors

Mohammad Najmi Rafi Hakim Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur Author
Mohamad Mirwan Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur Author

Keywords:

Bioconversion, black soldier fly, superworm, tofu pulp, expired bread, food waste

Abstract

Food waste has become one of the main problems in environmental management in Indonesia. Food waste that is not managed properly can cause groundwater pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, unpleasant odours, and bacterial breeding grounds, for such examples are tofu pulp and expired bread. This research aims to analyze the effect of additional composition of tofu waste and expired bread substrates on the rate and quality of food waste bioconversion by black soldier fly larvae and superworm. The research method used direct experimentation with variations in substrate composition over 12 days (BSF) and 30 days (Superworms). The highest Waste Reduction Index (WRI) was achieved by BSF in the treatment with 60% tofu pulp and 40% expired bread (M4) at 7,65. For Superworm, substrate consisting of food waste and tofu pulp (K2) produced the highest reduction percentage of 63,4% and the Waste Reduction Index (WRI) value of 2,11%. for the final weight and best ECD value for BSF larvae were found on variable M5 consisting of food waste, tofu pulp 50%, and expired bread 50%, with a final weight of 0,3 grams per larva and an ECD value of 16,25%. Variable K2 recorded the highest final weight and ECD value for Superworm, with a final weight of 4,15 grams per larva and an ECD value of 2,94%. The characteristics of the bioconversion residue (frass) from both types of larvae meet the C, N, P, K standards in accordance with SNI 19-7030-2004, the results showed that the combination of tofu pulp and expired bread substrates in treatments M4 and K4 produced residues with a more balanced macro nutrient content, making them the most optimal.

References

[1] F. F. Purba, T. I. Johan, and M. Hasby, “Pengaruh Pemberian Kombinasi Ampas Tahu Dan Limbah Roti Afkir Yang Difermentasi Sebagai Nutrisi Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Produksi Maggot (Hermetia illucens),” Din. Pertan., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 243–250, 2023, doi: 10.25299/dp.2022.vol38(2).12655.

[2] B. Gautam, S. Tiwari, M. R. Pokhrel, J. K. Tomberlin, and P. Khanal, “Expanding black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in the developing world: Use of BSF larvae as a biological tool to recycle various organic biowastes for alternative protein production in Nepal,” Biotechnol. Reports, vol. 45, no. January, p. e00879, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.btre.2025.e00879.

[3] A. Adámková, M. Borkovcova, J. Mlček, and L. Kourimská, “Nutritional Potential of Selected Insect Species Reared on the Island of Sumatra,” pp. 1–10, 2017, doi: 10.3390/ijerph14050521.

[4] Z. Gao et al., “Bioconversion performance and life table of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) on fermented maize straw,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 230, pp. 974–980, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.074.

[5] B. S. Fatimatuzzahrah, B. R. Handayani, Nazaruddin, and E. A. Bachmida, “Kajian Mutu Limbah Ampas Tahu Segar Dari Sentra Produksi Abian Tubuh (The Study of Fresh Tofu Dreg Quality from Abian Tubuh Production Center),” Pro Food (Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknol. Pangan), vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 162–175, 2024, [Online]. Available: https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/TJHP/article/view/264543/184555

[6] F. M. Fitri and R. Anggriani, “Karakteristik Fisikokimia Dan Mutu Sensori Roti Sourdough Dengan Substitusi Tepung Ubi Jalar Ungu Dan Air Rendaman Buah Apel Manalagi Sebagai Ragi Alami,” Food Technol. Halal Sci. J., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 57–74, 2025.

[7] C. Lalander, S. Diener, C. Zurbrügg, and B. Vinnerås, “Effects of feedstock on larval development and process efficiency in waste treatment with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens),” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 208, pp. 211–219, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.017.

[8] B. Dortmans, J. Egger, S. Diener, and C. Zurbrügg, Proses Pengelolaan Sampah Organik dengan Black Soldier Fly (BSF): Panduan Langkah-langkah Lengkap Edisi Kedua. 2021.

[9] C. I. Rumbos and C. G. Athanassiou, “The superworm, zophobas morio (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae): A ‘sleeping giant’ in nutrient sources,” J. Insect Sci., vol. 21, no. 2, 2021, doi: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab014.

[10] D. G. A. B. Oonincx, A. van Huis, and J. J. A. van Loon, “Nutrient utilisation by black soldier flies fed with chicken, pig, or cow manure,” J. Insects as Food Feed, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 131–139, 2015, doi: 10.3920/jiff2014.0023.

[11] E. P. Santoso, A. Afrila, and E. Fitasari, “Peningkatan Produksi Ulat Jerman Melalui Kombinasi Pemanfaatan Limbah Sayuran Pasar Pada Formulasi Media Pakan Yang Berbeda,” Buana Sains, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 33, 2017, doi: 10.33366/bs.v17i1.576.

[12] S. Diener, C. Zurbrügg, and K. Tockner, “Conversion of organic material by black soldier fly larvae: Establishing optimal feeding rates,” Waste Manag. Res., vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 603–610, 2009, doi: 10.1177/0734242X09103838.

[13] A. M. Qibtia, I. Tyas, D. E. Kusbianto, and D. H. Khasanah, “Pengaruh Substrat Pertumbuhan Terhadap Produksi Larva Black Soldier Fly dan Karakteristik Kasgot,” Conf. Appl. Anim. Sci. Proceeding Ser., vol. 4, pp. 9–19, 2023, doi: 10.25047/animpro.2023.544.

[14] R. C. Andrade, J. de C. Alves, and M. N. Roselino, “a Review of Zophobas Morio: Chemical, Nutritional and Functional Characteristics,” Avanços em Ciência e Tecnol. Aliment. - Vol. 3, no. April, pp. 533–548, 2021, doi: 10.37885/210203200.

[15] H. Agustin, W. Warid, and I. M. Musadik, “Kandungan Nutrisi Kasgot Larva Lalat Tentara Hitam (Hermetia illucensi) Sebagai Pupuk Organik,” J. Ilmu-Ilmu Pertan. Indones., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 12–18, 2023, doi: 10.31186/jipi.25.1.12-18.

[16] Y. Lu et al., “Effects of different nitrogen sources and ratios to carbon on larval development and bioconversion efficiency in food waste treatment by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens),” Insects, vol. 12, no. 6, 2021, doi: 10.3390/insects12060507.

[17] D. Daryono et al., “Pemanfaatan Limbah Ampas Tahu Menjadi Pupuk Organik Padat Menggunakan Bioaktivator Mikroorganisme Lokal Nasi Basi,” Bul. Loupe, vol. 19, no. 01, pp. 1–8, 2023, doi: 10.51967/buletinloupe.v19i01.2440.

[18] J. Poveda, “Insect frass in the development of sustainable agriculture. A review,” Agron. Sustain. Dev., vol. 41, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s13593-020-00656-x.